The way the leader of tightly controlled Turkmenistan sees it, there's an ancient remedy for warding off the coronavirus: burning a wild herb known as hamala.
Belarus's authoritarian president had similarly folksy advice for cabinet ministers and his fellow countrymen: go out and work in the fields. And ride a tractor.
Global leaders and medical experts are struggling to contain the COVID-19 pandemic worldwide, imposing quarantines, shutting down borders, mandating mask use, and bolstering the capabilities of infectious disease-fighting medical workers. Scientists, meanwhile, are rushing to find a vaccine and a cure for the disease that has killed more than 7,500 people worldwide, according to the World Health Organization (WHO).
Many officials are also struggling to prevent the spread of half-truths, misinformation, and unscientific remedies -- something that is even harder in the era of social media and instantaneous communication -- and even propaganda.
The coronavirus "outbreak and response has been accompanied by a massive 'infodemic' -- an over-abundance of information – some accurate and some not – that makes it hard for people to find trustworthy sources and reliable guidance when they need it," the WHO said in a report issued in early February.
Garlic, vitamin C, steroids, essential oils? Despite what you might read on Facebook or VK, the Russian social network, there's no scientific evidence any of these things will combat the coronavirus.
With a view to highlighting the problem of misinformation, and nudging people toward reliable, authoritative sources, here's a look at some of the more outlandish remedies that some leaders have – wrongly – suggested would help fight the coronavirus.
Turkmen Fumigation
In Turkmenistan, one of the most oppressive societies in the world, the country has been ruled for years by authoritarian leaders with a penchant for quixotic quirks and health recommendations.
Before his death in 2006, Sapamurat Niyazov, who called himself the Father Of All Turkmens, routinely dispensed spiritual guidance, not to mention public-health advice, to the country, messaging that was widely disseminated by state TV and newspapers. In 2005, the country's physicians were ordered to spurn the Hippocratic Oath -- the ancient pledge used worldwide by medical workers -- and instead swear an oath to Niyazov, an electrical engineer by training.
His successor, Gurbanguly Berdymukhammedov, is a dentist by training. But that hasn't stopped him from building a personality cult similar to Niyazov's -- or from offering unfounded medical advice, most recently on March 13, when he chaired a cabinet meeting to discuss the looming dangers of the coronavirus.
"Over the millennia, our ancestors have developed proven national methods of combating addictions and preventing various infectious diseases," he said.
He went on to suggest that burning an herb known as hamala, or wild rue, would destroy viruses "that are invisible to the naked eye."
In fact, this is not true.
In December, Turkmen state TV featured a program discussing veterinary remedies for farmers coping with an outbreak of disease among cattle. Among the remedies being offered were those featured in a book authored by Berdymukhammedov.
A year earlier, the Health Ministry offered medical advice to Turkmen dealing with summer respiratory ailments. Among the tips: "use medicinal teas scientifically described in the book of … Berdymukhammedov's Plants of Turkmenistan."
As of March 18, Turkmenistan had reported no confirmed cases of infection.
Reap What You Sow
Over more than two decades of ruling Belarus, Alyaksandr Lukashenka has also routinely dispensed folksy wisdom to his countrymen.
Prior to the presidency, Lukashenka headed a Soviet-style collective farm operation, which is where he has drawn his suggestions and medicinal folklore from in the past.
On March 16, he hosted a meeting of cabinet officials in Minsk, where he sought to head off mounting concerns about the coronavirus in the country. As of March 17, it had 17 confirmed cases.
At the meeting, which was televised on state TV, he told officials "we have lived through other viruses. We'll live through this one," he said.
"You just have to work, especially now, in a village," Lukashenka said. "In the countryside, people are working in the fields, on tractors, no one is talking about the virus."
"There, the tractor will heal everyone. The fields heal everyone," he said.
Lukashenka wished his ministers good health and offered this other piece of health advice: Go have a good sweat in a dry sauna; the coronavirus, according to Lukashenka, dies at 60 degrees Celsius.
In fact, there's no evidence that tractors, saunas, or fieldwork have any effect on the coronavirus.
Vodka Elixir
As of March 18, Serbia had 83 confirmed cases of the virus.
Three weeks prior, as officials across the world were beginning to take concerns about the coronavirus's spread seriously, President Aleksandar Vucic met with health specialists to discuss the measures being taken by his government.
He joked that alcohol -- ingested -- might very well be a useful salve.
"After they told me -- and now I see that Americans insist it's true -- that the coronavirus doesn't grow wherever you put alcohol, I've now found myself an additional reason to drink one glass a day," he said. "But it has nothing to do with that alcohol [liquor], I just made that up for you to know."
It didn't help matters that, earlier on, Vucic's foreign minister, had gone on Serbian TV to suggest that the virus was a foreign plot targeting the Chinese economy.
Belarus's Lukashenka, meanwhile, echoed Vucic's quip about vodka himself earlier this week.
"I'm a nondrinker, but recently I've been jokingly saying that you should not only wash your hands with vodka, but that probably 40-50 grams of pure alcohol will poison this virus," Lukashenka said.
In fact, drinking alcohol does not prevent or cure the coronavirus, or any other virus inside the body. Alcohol can, in fact, help kill germs and viruses externally, but washing your hands with vodka will not.
Holy Water, Holy Virus
While political leaders have been confusing people with unhelpful medicinal folklore, they aren't the only leaders to do so.
Some clerics in a number of Orthodox countries -- Russia included -- have spurned medical guidance that has warned the coronavirus can be transmitted via close physical contact, or bodily fluids, such as droplets in the air, or saliva on utensils.
Metropolitan Ilarion, a top official in the Russian Orthodox Church, told state media that the church will not be closing parishes for services during the period leading up to Easter, which is to be celebrated on April 19.
Ilarion also told Rossia-24 TV that church leaders do not believe that any "virus or disease can be transmitted through communion" -- the religious rite of eating bread and sipping wine during a church service.
Still, he indicated that the church would consider changes to things like the use of a communion spoon, used to give blessed wine to parishioners.
"But if it comes to bans or recommendations that we are obliged to follow, then in some cases single-use [disposable] spoons will be used," he said.
On March 17, he went further.
"This does not mean that the church underestimates the threat. If the virus spreads and the number of infected grows, if new orders from the authorities appear regarding the fight against the coronavirus, the church will respond to them," he was quoted as telling Rossiiskaya Gazeta.
He said church leaders were taking other unusual steps, including the use of disposable cups, disposable rubber gloves, and a suspension of the practice of kissing the cross or religious icons -- a common practice in Orthodox tradition.
Two days earlier, however, at least one Orthodox parish, in the Volga River city of Kazan, was using a reusable "holy spoon" to administer communion wine.
As of March 18, Russia had 114 confirmed cases.
Meanwhile, in Georgia (38 confirmed cases), Orthodox priests were reportedly continuing to use a common spoon to ladle communion into the drinking cups of worshippers who chose that option. And the Greek Orthodox Church also echoed Ilarion's unfounded insistence that viruses could not spread via Communion.
Other Georgian Orthodox priests, meanwhile, took to the roads this week to try and curtail, or cure, the coronavirus, driving around Tbilisi sprinkling holy water on cars and drivers alike.
With reporting by RFE/RL's Turkmen, Belarus, Balkan, and Georgian Services
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